AS YOU LIKE IT.

  trumpets of fame: In medieval iconography, Eolus, the ruler of the winds, is shown blowing two trumpets at the behest of Fame; sometimes one is the trumpet of false or worldly fame and the other is the trumpet of honest fame.

  Olga Nethersole: British actress Olga Nethersole (1863-1951) was born in London. Her stage debut was at Brighton in 1887, where her talent was recognized; she joined John Hare's company at the Garrick Theatre in London in 1888. She toured in Australia for nearly a year in the early 1890s. By 1894 she was a star, with her own theater in London. She made her debut in New York on October 15th, 1894, where she was an immediate success; she divided her subsequent career between London and the U.S. Nethersole was noted for emotional roles such as Camille, and particularly for those in modern plays, such as Pinero's The Second Mrs. Tanqueray. She created a sensation in 1897 with "the Nethersole kiss" in her production of Carmen, then again in 1900 when she was arrested (and acquitted) for corrupting public morals in her role in Clyde Fitch's Sapho. Nethersole retired from the stage in 1912, but served as a nurse in London during World War I; thereafter she worked for the improvement of health care in Britain, and was made a Commander of the British Empire in 1936.

Picture at the University of Pennsylvania Library

  Camille: The English play Camille is based on the play La Dame aux camélias (1852), based on the novel (1848) by Alexandre Dumas the younger (1824-1895). In the play, Armand Duval, a poor young man of a good family, falls in love with a famous courtesan, Camille (named Marguerite Gautier in the original). Skeptical of his love at first, she comes to return it and the two retire to an idyllic life in the country. However, Armand's father comes to her and begs her to set Armand free for the sake of his reputation and for the marriage chances of Armand's young sister. Camille pretends to be tired of Armand and returns to Paris and her old life. She is, however, dying of tuberculosis, and the two are reunited before her death. The role of Camille was also a favorite of Sarah Bernhardt and many other tragic actresses.

Verdi's opera La Traviata (1853) is based on the story of Camille, and the play has been made into films as well, notably one starring Greta Garbo (1936).

  wheezy old fish horns of fame: Chaucer represents the sea-god Poseidon's son and messenger, Triton, who blew on a twisted conch-shell, as the servant who carries the trumpets of Fame for Eolus.

  Romeo and Juliet: Shakespeare's early romantic tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, was written c. 1594-95. Romeo and Juliet come from families feuding with each other, the Montagues and Capulets, but fall immediately in love. They are forced to meet in secret—the balcony scene being the most famous in all of Shakespeare—and try to marry in secret. The friar gives Juliet a potion that simulates death, and Romeo, in despair, kills himself. When Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead, she kills herself.

  she "is an Englishman": In Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, sailor Ralph Rakestraw defends his temerity in daring to love the captain's daughter by proclaiming proudly that he is an Englishman. The bo'sun and the sailors respond,

He is an Englishman! For he himself has said it, And it's greatly to his credit, That he is an Englishman!

  Dumas: Alexandre Dumas the younger (1824-1895) was the son of a noted writer, Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870), author of The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers, and a dressmaker, Marie-Catherine Labay. In 1831 the elder Dumas recognized him as his son and took the boy from his mother and placed him in schools. The younger Dumas went to live with his father in 1844, where he met Marie Duplessis, a young courtesan who died of tuberculosis in 1847, inspiring Dumas' most famous novel, La Dame aux camellias (1848). He wrote prolifically; many of his novels and plays depict the problems of fallen women and unwed mothers. His A Prodigal Father (1859) is based on his father; The Clemenceau Case (1867) is thought to be somewhat autobiographical. Dumas was admitted to the French Academy in 1874 and awarded the Legion of Honor in 1894.

  Puritans: The Puritans were English reformers who were given the name because they sought to purify the Anglican church from the Catholic practices that had remained in it. They emphasized knowledge of the scriptures and self-examination.

  Puritan papas of Plymouth: The first settlers of New England founded Plymouth Plantation in 1620.

  George Meredith: English novelist and poet George Meredith (1828-1909) was the son of a tailor, but small family legacies enabled him to acquire some formal education in England and in Germany by the time he was sixteen. He had an early unhappy marriage (which eventually gave him material for some of his best poetry in Modern Love in 1863) and a long struggle for financial independence and artistic recognition. His first novel to achieve recognition was The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859), followed by Evan Harrington, or, He Would Be a Gentleman (1860); The Egoist (1879) and Diana of the Crossways (1885) established his popularity and reputation as a writer of brilliant romantic and psychological comedies and creator of complex, spirited women. His last three novels were published in 1891, 1894 and 1895; by then he was widely acknowledged as the greatest living British novelist.

  Balzac: Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) was a French journalist and writer, and is associated with the Realist movement. During his career, he wrote enough material for 90 novels and novellas that featured more than 2,000 characters and focused on the traditions, atmosphere, and habits of bourgeois France.

  Holy Roman Empire: Charlemagne was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD. The territory it encompassed, over much of central and western Europe, fluctuated as did the power of the emperors. Long before the last emperor, Francis II, gave up the title in 1806, the empire and the emperor had become largely symbolic. In the eighteenth century Voltaire said of it that it was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."

  Mary Jane Hawes Holmes: Mary Jane Hawes Holmes (1825-1907) was born in Massachusetts and showed her talent for writing early, with her first publication at the age of fifteen. Her first novel was published in 1854. She began writing for Street and Smith's New York Weekly in 1859, and the success of her first serial, Marian Grey, is said to have saved the paper from bankruptcy; she contributed twenty-seven serials to the Weekly and was paid as much as $5000 for one. She went on to write many popular, highly emotional novels, such as Lena Rivers (made into movies in 1914, 1925, and 1932), and Tempest and Sunshine (made into movies in 1914 and 1916).

Image and list of works

Mary Jane Hawes Holmes

  Augusta J. Evans: Augusta Jane Evans Wilson (1835-1909) was born in Alabama; she was devoted to the Confederate cause, writing propaganda articles for the Mobile, Alabama, papers in 1859 and a novel, Macaria, that was said to have been smuggled into the north and distributed to Union troops in order to disaffect them from the Union cause. The most famous of her nine popular novels were Inez, Beulah, Infelice, and St. Elmo (1867).

  Town Topics: In 1891, Col. Wiliam d'Alton Mann purchased a New York weekly paper called Town Topics and subtitled "The Journal of Society," turning it into one of the most prominent scandal sheets in the country. Mann employed spies and tipsters from the fringes of society; the paper would publish scurrilous items without using names (to avoid libel suits), then follow the paragraph with an innocuous report of a wedding or trip or party involving the names of the parties in the previous item. He developed a lucrative blackmail business among those who could pay to have gossip items suppressed; he was not exposed until 1906, when Emily and Edwin Post set up a sting when Mann tried to blackmail Post. It is unclear how much those outside Mann's circle knew of his practices.

  Bliss Carmen: William Bliss Carman (1861-1929) was born in New Brunswick, a descendant of Loyalists who emigrated from the U.S. after the American Revolution. He was educated in New Burnswick, Edinburgh, Harvard, and New York, where he became an editor and writer for various literary journals, including the Chap Book. His Low Tide on Grand Pré was published in 1893; he became well-known as a poet with Songs from Vagabondia, with Richard Hovey, in 1894, and many other books thereafter. Much of his poetry focuses on nature, but from a variety of spiritual perspectives over the course of his life.

  Songs of the Sea Children: These love poems were inspired by Bliss Carman's relationship with Jessie Kappeler, whom he met in Washington, D.C. in 1892. The volume, Songs of the Sea Children, with 121 poems plus a prelude and "aftersong," was not published until 1904.

  I was the west wind...: "I was the west wind" is number 50 of Bliss Carman's Songs of the Sea Children, as it was published in 1904.

  Clara Morris: Born Clara Morrison, Morris (1848-1925) made her New York debut in 1870 and was a great success playing passionate, suffering heroines in roles in such plays as Jezebel, Camille (1874), Miss Multon, a version of East Lynne (1876), Jane Eyre (1877), and The New Magdalen (1882). She formed her own company about 1878 and toured the country. She was never famous for her beauty, and her voice was flawed, but the emotional power of her acting overcame these defects. Morris retired in the 1890s as the new kinds of realistic plays of Ibsen and Shaw and Pinero made the older dramas seem old-fashioned and histrionic. In retirement she wrote articles and columns on acting, as well as volumes of reminiscences that show her acting was not so instinctive and unpracticed as Cather supposed.

Image available at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery.

Image available at the University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections.

Clara Morris Clara Morris Clara Morris Clara Morris Clara Morris

  Sioux City: Sioux City, in northwest Iowa, lies along the Missouri River, about ninety miles north of Omaha, Nebraska. The town was platted in 1854, and named for the Sioux River, which flows into the Missouri nearby; it soon became an important commercial center—its stockyards were important into the latter half of the twentieth century. Two adjacent towns are South Sioux City, Nebraska, and North Sioux City, South Dakota.

  Rev. D. Jenkins: The Rev. Dr. Hermon D. Jenkins (1840-c.1907) was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Sioux City from 1889 to 1894-95, when Pauline Hall's light opera company visited the town. According to the New York Times (6 January 1895, p. 1), he had published a letter associating Hall with the notorious "Black Crook" production; after Hall's husband threatened to file civil and criminal charges, Jenkins gave him a letter of retraction. According to a later report, Jenkins denied having written a letter attacking any particular member of the theatrical profession and denied ever having made an apology or retraction (New York Times, 16 January 1895, p. 9). Jenkins received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Beloit College in 1881; he served pastorates in Joliet and Freeport, Ill., before coming to Sioux City, and went on to serve in Kansas City (1895-1900) and Chicago (1901-1907).

  Pauline Hall: Singer, dancer, and actress Pauline Hall (1860-1919) was born Pauline Schmidgall in Cincinnati, Ohio, where she made her stage debut in 1876 as a ballet dancer. She played in Mary Anderson's company for a time before joining Edward Rice's company. She created the role of Erminie in the 800-performance run at the Casino Theatre in New York in 1885; later (c. 1892) she organized her own company. She married and divorced both Edward White and George B. McClellan, jr.

Cather refers to a picture of Pauline Hall in tights in book II, ch. 11 in The Song of the Lark, and the Moonstone Orchestra plays selections from Erminie (book I, ch. 8) at a town concert.

Images at Google Books and University of Washington Digital Library.

  Dorcas: Dorcas, an operetta (or "operatic comedy," as it was sometimes described), was written by Harry and Edward Paulton and produced in 1894. Pauline Hall toured with it for several years, as did a few other companies.

  Sunday amusement: Strong feelings about keeping the Sabbath among members of many Protestant denominations led to local ordnances forbidding such things as organized baseball games and theatrical performances on Sunday.

  The Black Crook: Often called the first American musical, The Black Crook opened at Niblo's Garden in New York in September 1866. It was the most expensive production of its day (sources give figures from $25,000 to $50,000), the most successful (it ran for over a year and earned over $1,000,000), and the most scandalous (for its scantily-clad chorus of a hundred French ballet girls). The Black Crook began as a melodrama by Charles Barras (1826-1873) about a crook-backed practitioner of black magic, Hertzog, who conspires with the demon Zamiel to steal the soul of the poor painter Rodolphe, who loves the beautiful foundling Aminta. When the theater in which a troupe of French ballerinas was to perform burned down, the managers offered the dancers, with their costumes and scenery, to William Wheatley, the producer of the Barras play. A libretto based on the play incorporated music, dances, and dazzling scenic effects; the show lasted for more than five hours.

The Black Crook had been revived eight times in New York, most recently at the Academy of Music from September 1, 1892 to May 20, 1894, when it ran for 306 performances and took in over $350,000. Agnes deMille choreographed a revival in 1929. Other companies revived it all over the country for the rest of the century, and it was made into a film in 1916.

The Black Crook in Lincoln in April 1894 was not that of the New York revival, which starred Morris Lipman, Charles Plunkett, Grace Tabor, and Louise Freeman.

Image of the Black Crook chorus available at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery.

  Mrs. James Brown Potter: Cora Urquhart (1857-1936) was born in New Orleans; she married wealthy New Yorker James Brown Potter in 1877, and became a popular member of New York's social set, as well as London society after a visit there in 1886. Her first professional stage appearances were made in England in 1887; she returned to the U.S. and made her New York debut before a brilliant audience of socialites in October 1887. She co-starred with Kyrle Bellew until 1898, appearing in many of the standard nineteenth-century roles such as Camille and Pauline, as well as Shakespearean ones such as Juliet. Mrs. Potter and Bellew toured the Far East and Australia in the early 1890s; much of her career after the late 1890s was in Great Britain with Beerbohm Tree. She undertook the management of the Savoy Theatre in London in 1904, toured South Africa in 1907, and the British provinces thereafter. She retired in 1912; her last performance, at a benefit, was in 1919. In 1933 she published her memoirs, The Age of Innocence and I.

  Mr. Bellew: Harold Kyrle Bellew (1855-1911) was born in Lancashire, the son of a clergyman. He emigrated to Australia at a young age, where he worked as a miner and a reporter before making his stage debut there in 1874. He returned to England in 1875, acting in various companies, including Henry Irving's. He made his American debut in 1885, but returned to England in 1887, where he and Cora Brown Potter formed their partnership. They toured America, Australia, and the Far East until the dissolution of their partnership in 1898. In 1899 Bellew returned to Australia and reportedly made a fortune from gold-mining. He returned to the U.S. in 1901 and resumed his career on the stage, as well as starring in a short film, A Gentleman of France (1905). His son, Cosmo Kyrle Bellew, was also an actor.

Image available at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery.

Harold Kyrle Bellew Harold Kyrle Bellew

  Christ's edict of salvation: In the Bible, in Luke 7, the sinful woman comes to anoint Jesus' feet; the Pharisees murmur at this, saying that Jesus should have known what she was and sent her away. Instead Jesus tells her her sins are forgiven and "Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace."

  ninety and nine circumspect sheep: In the Bible, in Matthew 18:12, and also in Luke 15:4, Jesus tells the parable of the shepherd with one hundred sheep who goes in search of the one lost one, leaving the other ninety-nine in the pasture. Luke makes the lesson explicit: "I say unto you, that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentance."

In The Song of the Lark Thea sings the popular hymn, "The Ninety and Nine" (1874) based on this passage; the words were by Elizabeth Clephane and music by Ira D. Sankey. The hymn is also alluded to in Cather's short story, "The Joy of Nellie Deane."

  emotional actress...better as an artist than as a woman:: This actress, presumably one of the ones who had visited Lincoln earlier in the year, has not been identified.

  Felix Morris: Actor Felix Morris (1845-1900) was born in England and studied medicine before deciding to pursue a career on the stage. He came to the U.S., supporting himself occasionally as a drugstore clerk. He became a member of Eugene McDowell's and George Fawcett Rowe's companies in the 1870s, touring in the U.S. and Canada. In the 1880s he formed his own touring company, adapting plays such as Mona(1885) for actress Helene Dauvray, and The Pavements of Paris(1884), starring himself. By 1890, however, he was a member of Rosina Vokes' London Comedy Company. After her death in early 1894 he formed his own company again, writing and adapting plays, such as The Old Musician(1891).

Morris's Reminiscences was published in 1892. He married actress Florence Wood and had two daughters, Mildred and Felice.

  Behind the Scenes: Felix Morris's adaptation of a French play, Le Père de la debutante opened in New York at Col. Sinn's Brooklyn Park Theatre on 26 February 1895. Morris played Achille Dufard. The play was still in his company's repertoire when he died in 1900.

  La Debutante: The French play on which Behind the Scenes was based was Le Père de la debutante (1837) by Emmanuel Théaulon (1787-1841) and Jean-François Bayard. One of Sarah Bernhardt's early performances was in this play in 1863.

  Der Vater der Debuetantin: This German translation or adaptation of Théaulon and Bayard's Le Père de la debutante (1837) was made by Bernhard Anton Hermann and performed in Berlin in 1848.

  Edward A. Sothern: British actor Edward A. Sothern (1826-1881) was born in Liverpool and went on stage first as an amateur. He toured in companies in Britain and the U.S. under the name Douglas Stewart until the late 1850s, when he joined Laura Keen's company in New York. There he was given the minor role of the lisping, dim-witted Lord Dundreary in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin (1858), with Joseph Jefferson in the leading role as Asa Trenchard. When he complained about the part, Jefferson is supposed to have given him the famous advice, "there are no small parts, only small actors." Sothern added bits of business and even lines, and made a hit, eventually making Dundreary the center of the play, and spawning spin-off plays featuring the character. The long side whiskers Sothern wore in the role became a popular fashion for men under the name of "dundrearies." His success assured, Sothern divided his time between the U.S. and Britain until a year or so before his death.

Sothern had a daughter, Eva, who made her debut in 1880, and three sons who became actors; his second son, Edward Hugh (E.H.) Sothern (1859-1933), became a popular Shakespearian actor in the U.S.

  The Crushed Tragedian: British actor-playwright H. J. Byron first played DeLacey Fitzaltomont in The Prompter's Box: A Story of the Footlights and Fireside; he revised the play for actor E. A. Sothern as A Crushed Tragedian.

The New York Times obituary of E. A. Sothern noted that he played Fritz Altamont in The Crushed Tragedian in New York for the first time in 1877, saying "he gave dignity and even pathos to a most absurd and dilapidated individual who aspires to histrionic heights" (22 January 1881).

  Napoleon I: Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was born in Corsica. He joined the French army as a lieutenant in the artillery in 1785. As the French Revolution got under way, Bonaparte supported the Jacobins, and began his rise in rank: in 1793 he became a brigadier general for the defeat of the British at Toulon. In 1795 he became commander of the armies of the interior for defeating the rebels against the National Convention, then commander in chief of the Army of Italy in 1796. His victories against the Italians and Austrians, and then his conquest of Egypt led to his appointment as first consul, master of France at the age of 30. He made lasting legal, governmental, financial, and educational reforms, and had himself crowned emperor in 1804. However, he was determined to expand the borders and hegemony of France, leading to renewed war with the British and the disastrous attack on Russia in 1812. By 1814 Napoleon's empire, and his support in France itself, was crumbling, and he was forced to abdicate. Exiled to the island of Elba, he seized a time of instability to return, rallying his soldiers to him until his final defeat by the British and Prussians at Waterloo. Thereafter he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he died.

  late Napoleonic revival: Americans admired Napoleon as the embodiment of the self-made man. European biographies and memoirs were translated and published in the U.S. but from the middle of the nineteenth century American writers and historians such as J.T. Headley, John S.C. Abbott, and John S. Roper, issued works on Napoleon that were widely read. Cather may be referring specifically to the biography of Napoleon by Ida Tarbell which was running as a serial in McClure's Magazine in 1894. William M. Sloane's authoritative biography was serialized in the Century Magazine in 1895 and 1896.

  Richard Mansfield: Richard Mansfield (1857-1907) was the son of soprano Erminia Rudersdorff, and grandson of violinist Joseph Rudersdorff. His start on the stage came in light opera, including character roles in Gilbert and Sullivan's Pinafore and Pirates of Penzance. Mansfield came to America in 1882 and joined Palmer's Union Square Theatre company, making his success as an aging roué in A Parisian Romance (1883). His title roles as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1887 further increased his reputation, which was never simply that of a leading man or romantic hero; he played Richard III and Cyrano de Bergerac and Beau Brummell along with more conventional roles. His early success enabled him to form his own company, and as a manager he was noted for lavish and meticulous staging—sometimes financially successful and sometimes disastrous. He was one of the first to produce George Bernard Shaw's plays in America, playing the anti-hero Bluntschli in Arms and the Man in 1894 and Dick Dudgeon in The Devil's Disciple in 1897. Mansfield was a serious student of acting, and was one of the most important actors of his time, though a minority of critics felt he was unsuited for some of the parts he played. He married his leading woman, Beatrice Cameron (1868-1940), in 1892. Richard Mansfield in multiple roles

  Mlle. Rhea: French actress Hortense-Berbe Loret (1843-1899) was born in Belgium. She began her dramatic career at the age of twenty, playing chiefly in Europe and Russia. She made her London debut in 1881 and then came to New York in November 1881. She never scored a great success in that city, but she was popular in the rest of the U.S. for many years; in 1893-94 she toured with a new play, The Queen of Sheba, with W. S. Hart as Hiram.

  Molière: French playwright Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622-73), best known by his stage name Molière, was born to a bourgeois family in Paris and was well educated. However, when he was twenty-one he decided to go on the stage, becoming head of a troupe that toured in the provinces for fourteen years; during this time the troupe moved away from the improvisational commedia dell' arte to script-based plays, which he began writing. He returned to Paris in 1658, where he became known—and sometimes reviled—for his farces and comedies mocking human foibles in plays such as Les Précieuses ridicules (1659), L'Ecole des maris (1661), L'Ecole des femmes (1662), Le Tartuffe (1664), Le Misanthrope (1666), Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670), and Le Malade imaginaire (1673). He died of tuberculosis a few hours after playing the imaginary invalid—the legend became that he died onstage.

  Victor Hugo: French writer and political activist Victor Hugo (1802-1885) made his name first as a poet in the early 1820s. Inspired by the French Romantic writer Chateaubriand, he called for the breaking of the bonds of the French classical tradition: this led to the so-called "battle of Hernani," the riot that followed the production of his play, Hernani, in 1830. His poetry, plays, and novels made him the leading writer of his day. His novel, Notre Dame de Paris (1831), published in English as The Hunchback of Notre Dame, won him fame throughout Europe; Les Miserables (1862) embodied his social concerns.

  Racine: Seventeenth-century French playwright Jean Racine (1639-1699) orphaned young and educated in the classics at Port-Royal, a school with ties to the Jansenists who sought reform in the Catholic church. His poetry was praised by the great critic, Boileau, who encouraged Racine to come to Paris. La Thébaïde (1664), his first play to be performed, was produced by Molière's company, but Racine's bent was towards tragedy, and he angered Molière by going to another company to produce his next play. Many of his greatest plays were on classical themes (Andromache, Iphigenia, Phaedra), and he was admired for the classical simplicity of his style.

  Edwin Booth: Edwin Booth (1833-1893) came from an acting family; his father, Junius Brutus Booth (1796-1852), who came to America in 1821, had been acclaimed in England as a rival of the great Thomas Kean. The elder Booth's other sons were Junius Brutus Booth, an actor-manager, and John Wilkes Booth. At first it seemed that Edwin had not inherited much of his father's talent, but he toured with his father's company in secondary roles. His father's death in 1852 while on tour in California left Edwin in charge, and he toured the West and Australia before returning to New York in triumph, where he was soon acknowledged as superior even to Edwin Forrest. He became manager of the Winter Garden Theatre in 1862, producing Shakespeare in productions notable for their magnificence and great acting; he became particularly identified with the role of Hamlet. The assassination of President Lincoln by his brother John caused Edwin Booth to retire briefly, but audiences welcomed him back. Booth built his own theater in 1868-69 and organized his own stock company. Although this enterprise was successful in many ways, Booth went bankrupt in 1874 and thereafter appeared under others' management—notably with Lawrence Barrett in the 1880s. He toured England, playing opposite Henry Irving, and Germany as well. His last performance was as Hamlet in 1891, when he retired to live in his apartment in the building he had given to the Players' Club when he founded that organization. He died June 7, 1893.

Otis Skinner played in his company in 1880; he says Booth "was in the flower of his artistry and at the height of his power. At the age of forty-seven he had not yet begun to exhibit that weariness of work that overcame him after his return from Europe. His ambition was dauntless; his body flexible and obedient to his will; his face, beautiful and melancholy, showed nothing of its later traces of lassitude, and the music of his voice which held to the very end, was never more harmonious. No actor of his time so completely filled the eye, the ear, and the mind with an ideal of romantic tragedy as Edwin Booth" (Footlights and Spotlights 91).

Edwin Booth, son of Junius Brutus Booth Edwin Booth at 45 Edwin Booth with his second wife and daughter Edwin Booth at age 25 Edwin Booth at age 30 Edwin Booth at age 35 Edwin Booth as Hamlet Edwin Booth as Hamlet Edwin Booth as Richelieu

  Marching Through Georgia: The American song, "Marching Through Georgia," was written in 1865 by Henry Clay Work, although the lyrics claim that the song was sung during General Sherman's march through Georgia to the sea; the march took place in 1864. The song was unpopular with Southerners, but was especially popular with Union veterans and was frequently played at at patriotic gatherings in the North and West. The first verse and chorus read:

Bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song Sing it with a spirit that will start the world along Sing it as we used to sing it, 50,000 strong While we were marching through Georgia.

Chorus

Hurrah! Hurrah! we bring the jubilee! Hurrah! Hurrah! the flag that makes you free! So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea While we were marching through Georgia.

  sodium chloride: Sodium chloride is common table salt, NaCl. Sodium was was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807; chlorine, which does not appear free in nature, was isolated in 1774 by C. W. Scheele, but recognized as an element and named by Davy in 1810.

  iota subscript: In later Greek orthography, the letter iota is written as a subscript (a vertical line) under a vowel to indicate a long vowel diphthong. In ancient Greek the letter had been included in the word, but as pronunciation and orthography changed, it was dropped, then reintroduced by Byzantine scholars in copies of older texts.

  Lift Up Your Heads, O Ye Gates: In the Bible, Psalm 24:7 reads, "Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in." Handel used lines these lines as the basis for "Lift Up Your Heads, O Ye Gates," number 33 in The Messiah.

  As it was in the beginning . . .: In the Bible, the last lines of Psalm 125 read, "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen." The lines have been used in various church liturgies.

  Vanity Fair: This Vanity Fair was a society, arts, and scandal newspaper published in Lincoln, Nebraska, in the late 1880s and early 1890s.

  scarcely out of kilts: Boys and girls were dressed alike in long, then short dresses for the first few years. Queen Victoria's fondness for Scottish plaids and costume led to the popularity of kilts for very young boys, as a form of masculine dress before boys were put in short pants, at about the ages of five to seven, although this could vary. Boys graduated to long pants about the age of twelve or so.